This volume presents papers on the topics covered at the National Academy of Engineering's 2016 US Frontiers of Engineering Symposium. Every year the symposium brings together 100 outstanding young leaders in engineering to share their cutting-edge research and innovations in selected areas. The 2016 symposium was held September 19-21 at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center in Irvine, California. The intent of this book is to convey the excitement of this unique meeting and to highlight innovative developments in engineering research and technical work. Table of Contents Front Matter PIXELS AT SCALE: HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND VISION Pixelsat Scale: High-Performance Computer Graphics and Vision - David Luebke and John Owens Computational Near-Eye Displays: Engineering the Interface to the Digital World - Gordon Wetzstein Frontiers in Virtual Reality Headsets - Warren Hunt First-Person Computational Vision - Kristen Grauman A Quintillion Live Pixels: The Challenge of Continuously Interpreting and Organizing the World's Visual Information - Kayvon Fatahalian EXTREME ENGINEERING: EXTREME AUTONOMY IN SPACE, AIR, LAND, AND UNDER WATER Extreme Engineering: Extreme Autonomy in Space and Air, on Land, and Under Water - DeShawn Jackson and Marco Pavone Autonomous Precision Landing of Space Rockets - Lars Blackmore Autonomy Under Water: Ocean Sampling by Autonomous Underwater Vehicles - Derek A. Paley WATER DESALINATION AND PURIFICATION Water Desalination and Purification - Amy Childress and Abhishek Roy Water Desalination: History, Advances, and Challenges - Manish Kumar, Tyler Culp, and Yuexiao Shen Scalable Manufacturing of Layer-by-Layer Membranes for Water Purification - Christopher M. Stafford New Materials for Emerging Desalination Technologies - Baoxia Mi High-Recovery Desalination and Water Treatment - Kevin L. Alexander TECHNOLOGIES FOR UNDERSTANDING AND TREATING CANCER Technologies for Understanding and Treating Cancer - Julie Champion and Peter Tessier How Cancer Cells Go Awry: The Role of Mechanobiology in Cancer Research - Cynthia A. Reinhart-King Engineered Proteins for Visualizing and Treating Cancer - Jennifer R. Cochran Engineering Immunotherapy - Darrell J. Irvine APPENDIXES Contributors Participants Program