The founding of the Protestant denominations lasted longer as a historical phase in Eastern Europe than in the German-speaking world. The spread of Lutheran teaching often took place in competition with other confessional currents; in this process, the connection between confession and the nation played a special role. The essays in this volume examine the impacts of Lutheran teaching in Eastern Europe. The discussion extends from the 16th century to the present day, and highlights how the Reformation is still relevant today, in Poland, Romania, and elsewhere. In addition to discussing historical events, the essays focus thematically on the transmission of Reformation thought both orally and in writing, and through art and architecture. They also examine different ways of relating to this cultural heritage. The collection includes essays by Joachim Bahlcke, Małgorzata Balcer, Katrin Boeckh, Hans-Jürgen Bömelburg, Kęstutis Daugirdas, Winfried Eberhard, Detlef Haberland, Jan Harasimowicz, Wilhelm Hüffmeier, Bernhart Jähnig, Grażyna Jurkowlaniec, Krista Kodres, Eva Kowalska, Kolja Lichy, Anna Mańko-Matysiak, Péter Ötvös, Maciej Ptaszyński, Anja Rasche, Maria Skiba, Edit Szegedi, Matthias Weber, Evelin Wetter, and Martin Zückert.