For the tradition-bound French elites of pre-World War I and the interwar period, modernity presented itself as a series of questions about France s place in a newly competitive industrial world and about their positions as the leaders and managers of a mass society. What was the optimal form of governance in a mass democracy? What would be the new roles of elites? How could public opinion best be shaped and regulated? And, above all, how could France preserve its cultural identity against an onslaught of foreign influences? This book differs from much of the existing literature of modernity in its attention to a variety of individuals who are not generally recognized as major intellectual figures in their own right, or even as notable representatives of important scientific, philosophical, or aesthetic tendencies. Instead, the author deals with the ways ideas were transmitted within the French elite, and how they were transformed to suit the needs of their users once they were taken up in settings outside the immediate precincts of official high culture and the inner circle of the Parisian avant-garde.