Anna Christina (Kia) Nobre is Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Oxford, where she directs the Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity and heads the Brain & Cognition Laboratory. She received her PhD (1992) from Yale University and completed postdoctoral training at Yale and Harvard Medical School before arriving to Oxford as a Junior Research Fellow at New College (1994) and taking up her faculty position in the Department of Experimental Psychology (1996). Dr Nobre uses a multi-methodological approach to investigate how perception and cognition are modulated according to task goals, expectations, and memories; and to understand how these dynamic regulatory mechanisms are affected by ageing, psychiatric conditions, and neurodegenerative disorders. She has published more than 100 articles in journals and books. Sabine Kastner is Professor of Neuroscience and Psychology at Princeton University, where she directs Princeton's neuroimaging facility and heads the Neuroscience of Attention and Perception Laboratory in the Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology. She earned an M.D. (1993) and PhD (1994) degree and received postdoctoral training at the Max- Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and NIMH before joining the faculty at Princeton University in 2000. Dr Kastner studies the neural basis of visual perception, attention, and awareness in healthy humans, patients with brain lesions and animal models and has published more than 100 articles in journals and books. Dr Kastner's contributions to the field of cognitive neuroscience were recognized with the Young Investigator Award from the Cognitive Neuroscience Society in 2005.