Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Pennsylvania: A Crossroads 1 Section A: Chapters 2 to 12: Pennsylvania's Natural Landscapes and Regions 5 Chapter 2: The Earth Beneath Your Feet 7 Chapter 3: The Geological Story 17 Chapter 4: Mineral Resources and Hazards 23 Chapter 5: Winter Weather 33 Chapter 6: Summer Weather 39 Chapter 7: Surface Water Resources 45 Chapter 8: Groundwater Resources 51 Chapter 9: Soils 55 Chapter 10: Forests 61 Chapter 11: Vegetation and Soil Erosion 67 Chapter 12: Wildlife 71 Section B: Chapters 13 to 19: Pennsylvania's Human Landscapes and Regions 75 Chapter 13: People, By the Numbers 77 Chapter 14: Ethnicity and Immigration 83 Chapter 15: Urbanization 91 Chapter 16: Ethnicity and Cultures 97 Chapter 17: Pennsylvania Cultures 101 Chapter 18: Government 107 Chapter 19: Politics 113 Section C: Chapters 20 to 31: The Structure of Economic Activity 119 Chapter 20: Traditional Agriculture 121 Chapter 21: Modern Agriculture 125 Chapter 22: Forestry 133 Chapter 23: Mining 137 Chapter 24: Early Transportation 143 Chapter 25: Modern Transportation 149 Chapter 26: Energy in Pennsylvania 155 Chapter 27: Manufacturing 161 Chapter 28: Iron and Steel 167 Chapter 29: Retail Economy 173 Chapter 30: Services 177 Chapter 31: Recreation and Tourism 183 Section D: Chapters 32 to 37: Urban and Environmental Issues 189 Chapter 32: Uniqueness of Urban Places 191 Chapter 33: Pittsburgh 195 Chapter 34: Philadelphia 201 Chapter 35: Air Pollution Issues 207 Chapter 36: Water Pollution Issues 213 Chapter 37: Waste Management 217 Bibliography 223 Index to Places in Pennsylvania 233