The first hands--on guide to XRD and XRF sampling and specimen preparation Systematic errors from poor sampling and improper specimen preparation can easily render X--ray diffraction (XRD) and X--ray fluorescence (XRF) data of questionable use for analysis. But, until now, the practical information that can help to reduce these errors has never been readily available in one volume. This book fills a vital gap in the literature, bringing together a wealth of material previously available only in workbooks, company manuals, and other inside sources. It provides detailed coverage of the major tasks involved in X--ray analysis -- complete with theory, step--by--step methods, equipment suggestions, and problem--solving tips. With a full complement of tools and techniques, this comprehensive guide helps both beginners and experienced analysts to make the best decision on sample treatment and get accurate XRD and XRF results--saving valuable time, money, and effort. Covers X--ray techniques for analyzing biological, geological, metallic, ceramic, and other materials Addresses all aspects of specimen preparation, including handling unusual or very small samples, liquids and solutions, and more Features special chapters on specimen preparation equipment and XRF standards Contains useful bibliography and helpful references.