Tarifit Berber is a mostly unwritten and little-researched language. As far as is known, there is only one other dictionary, produced by a Spanish Catholic in the middle of the last century (i.e., Ibanez, Esteban. 1944. Diccionario Espa�ol-Rife�o. Madrid: Imprenta de la viuda de E. Maestre and (same author) 1949. Diccionario Rife�o-Espa�ol Etimol�gico. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient�ficas, Instituto de Estudios Africanos). Since then, the language has changed dramatically due to the dominance of French, Spanish, Arabic languages and European mass media. It is in the same family as Arabic and Hebrew, with its own distinctives. One of these is a unique alphabet, called Tifinagh.