For a one semester survey course in Introduction to Humanities. This single-volume text is a historical survey of the western humanities. Written to be accessible to students with little background in the arts and humanities, Adventure in the Human Spirit provides a balanced introduction to the major arts, philosophy, and religion. This text approaches the humanities by focusing on principal events, styles, movements, and figures, bringing the past to life.

Table of Contents

1 The Humanities: An Introduction to the Adventure 12 Creating a Sense of Self 13 Tradition: Nurturing the Creative Spirit 13 Modes of Expression and Reflection 13 The Arts 14 The Pictorial Arts 14 Sculpture: The Art of Shaping 15 Architecture: The Art of Shelter 17 Music: The Art of Sound 18 Dance: The Art of Movement 20 The Art of Theater 21 A Note about Opera 22 The Literary Arts 22 An Invitation to the Adventure 22 Chapter Summary 23 2 The Ancient World 24 The First Humans 25 Mesopotamia 26 The Sumerians 26 Empires of the Near East 27 KEY CONCEPT: Myth 29 Ancient Egypt 30 Egypt: Religion and Society 30 The Arts of Egypt 32 WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: Death at an Egyptian Banquet 32 Asia and America 33 The Indus Valley 33 Bronze Age China 35 KEY CONCEPT: Civilizations and Progress 35 Ancient America 36 Chapter Summary 37 CRITICAL QUESTION 35 3 Ancient Greece: The Classical Spirit 38 Early Greece 39 The Aegean World 40 Early Greek Poetry 41 Religion and Philosophy in Early Greece 43 Art in Early Greece 44 The Classical Period 46 Athens in its Golden Age 46 WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: The Plague of Athens 47 Classical Greek Art 48 The Athenian Acropolis 48 Classical Sculpture 51 KEY CONCEPT: The Classical Ideal 53 Greek Theater and Music 56 Greek Tragedy 56 Greek Comedy 58 Greek Music and Dance 58 Classical Greek Philosophy 59 The Sophists and Socrates 60 Plato 60 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Confucius and Philosophy 61 Aristotle 61 The Hellenistic Age 62 The Hellenistic Legacy 63 Chapter Summary 66 CRITICAL QUESTION 42, 53, 61 THE WRITE IDEA 44, 54, 58, 63 4 Ancient Rome: The Spirit of Empire 67 The Drama of Roman History 68 The Rise of Republican Rome 69 KEY CONCEPT: Imperialism 70 Imperial Rome 71 The Art of an Empire 73 Sculpture as Propaganda 73 The Forum of Trajan 74 KEY CONCEPT: The World Citizen 76 The Romans as Builders 77 Roman Art and Daily Life 81 Roman Daily Life 81 WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: A Marriage Contract of the Roman Era 82 Roman Theater and Music 85 The Romans as Poets and Thinkers 87 Early Roman Poets 88 Roman Epic and Satire 88 Philosophy in the Roman World 89 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Rise of Buddhism 90 Rome's Division and Decline 93 Chapter Summary 94 CRITICAL QUESTION 76, 88 THE WRITE IDEA 72, 83 5 The Spirit of Monotheism: Judaism, Christianity, Islam 95 The Judaic Tradition 96 History and the Israelites 96 The Hebrew Bible 98 KEY CONCEPT: Monotheism 99 Job and the Trials of Israel 100 The Rise of Christianity 101 Jesus of Nazareth 101 The Growth of Christianity 102 WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: The Siege of Jerusalem 104 Christianity in the Late Roman Empire 105 Philosophy: Classical and Christian 107 From Classical to Christian 107 Augustine of Hippo 107 KEY CONCEPT: Original Sin and Human Nature 108 The Christian Empires: Rome and Byzantium 109 St. Peter's and the Pope 110 Justinian and the Byzantine World 110 Ravenna: Showcase of the Christian Arts 114 Christianity and the Arts 118 Early Christian Music 118 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Teotihuacan: Sacred City of Mesoamerica 119 Christianity Against the Arts 120 The Rise of Islam 121 The Foundations of Islam 122 Islamic Arts and Science 123 Dawn of The Middle Ages 126 Chapter Summary 127 CRITICAL QUESTION 99, 104, 108, 126 THE WRITE IDEA 100, 109 6 The Early Middle Ages: The Feudal Spirit 128 The Age of Charlemagne 129 Northern Edge of the Early Middle Ages 129 Charlemagne's Empire 130 Carolingian Arts 130 Feudal Europe 133 Feudalism 133 WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: Work in Charlemagne's World 134 The Arts of Feudalism 134 The Bayeux Tapestry 135 The Flowering of Muslim Spain 136 Monasticism 138 The Monastic Ideal 138 Hrotsvit and the Classical Tradition 140 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Blood of Maya Kings 140 The Romanesque Style 141 Imperial Revival and the Romanesque Style 141 The Romanesque Church: Monks and Pilgrims 142 Romanesque Sculpture 143 KEY CONCEPT: Pilgrimage 146 Early Medieval Music and Drama 147 Musical Notation 147 Hildegard of Bingen: Musical Mystic 149 Drama in the Medieval Church 150 KEY CONCEPT: Mysticism 151 The Medieval Philosopher 151 Early Medieval Philosophy 151 Abelard 153 The Medieval Spirit and the First Crusade 154 Chapter Summary 155 CRITICAL QUESTION 138, 151 THE WRITE IDEA 131, 136, 146, 154 7 The Late Middle Ages: The Gothic Awakening 156 The Gothic Awakening 157 The Crusades and the Decline of Feudalism 158 The Rise of Towns and Cities 159 The Gothic Style 160 The Gothic Style and Divine Light 160 The Cathedral at Chartres 161 Gothic Sculpture 164 Music and Theater in the Gothic Age 166 The Evolution of Organum 166 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Buddhism in Asia 168 Gothic Theater: From Church to Town 169 The New Learning 171 The Universities 171 KEY CONCEPT: Scholasticism 171 Thomas Aquinas 172 Court and City in the Late Middle Ages 173 Courtly Love and Medieval Romance 173 KEY CONCEPT: Chivalry 176 Music in the Late Middle Ages 177 Dante's Divine Comedy 177 Chaucer's Canterbury Pilgrims 179 WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: The Plague and Prosperity 179 The Late Gothic 180 Reclaiming the Classical Past 180 Giotto and the International Gothic 181 Chapter Summary 184 CRITICAL QUESTION 171, 176, 177 8 The Renaissance Spirit in Italy 185 The Renaissance in Italy 186 The Italian City-States 186 KEY CONCEPT: Renaissance Humanism 187 Patronage of the Arts and Learning 188 WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: The Violence of Renaissance Youth 191 The Arts in Early Renaissance Italy 191 Florence 1401--A Renaissance Begins 191 Brunelleschi's Domes 195 Florentine Painting: A Refined Classicism 195 Italian Renaissance Music 198 Early Renaissance Sculpture 198 KEY CONCEPT: The Science of Perspective 200 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Great Zimbabwe 203 The Decline of Florence 204 Renaissance Genius 204 Machiavelli and Humanist Politics 204 Leonardo da Vinci 205 KEY CONCEPT: The Renaissance Man !and Woman 208 The High Renaissance in Rome 209 Josquin des Prez 209 Raphael 211 Michelangelo in Rome 214 The New St. Peter's 215 An Age of Giants 216 Chapter Summary 218 CRITICAL QUESTION 191, 209, 214 THE WRITE IDEA 190, 203, 205, 215 9 Reformation and Late Renaissance 219 The Reformation 220 Luther's Challenge 220 The Appeal of the Reformation 221 Calvinism 222 The Rise of Northern Europe 222 KEY CONCEPT: The "Protestant Ethic": God, Work, and Wealth 223 Kings, Commerce, and Columbus 224 The Northern Renaissance Courts 225 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Ottoman Empire 228 WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: A Midwife's Advice 229 Art and Humanism in Northern Europe 229 Faith and Humanism in Northern Art 229 Erasmus and Humanism 234 Utopians and Skeptics 236 The Elizabethan Age 236 KEY CONCEPT: Skepticism 237 The Reformation in England 237 Theater in the Elizabethan Age 237 The Genius of Shakespeare 240 Elizabethan Music 241 The Late Renaissance in Italy and Spain 242 Palestrina and the Counter-Reformation 243 Renaissance Theater in Italy 243 The Renaissance in Venice 245 Late Renaissance Painting and Mannerism 248 Chapter Summary 253 CRITICAL QUESTION 222, 224, 237, 240 THE WRITE IDEA 220, 223, 235 10 The Spirit of Baroque 254 The Baroque in Italy 255 Bernini and Counter-Reformation Rome 255 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Taj Mahal 257 Italian Baroque Painting 262 The Birth of Opera 263 KEY CONCEPT: Absolutism 265 The Baroque in Spain 265 Spanish Baroque Architecture 265 Velazquez and Cervantes--Masters of Illusion 267 The Baroque In France 270 The Palace of Versailles 270 Theater and Dance at Versailles 273 Painting in Baroque France 274 The Protestant Baroque 277 J. S. Bach--Baroque Genius 277 Bach's "Well-tempered Clavier" 278 Rembrandt and Dutch Baroque Painting 278 KEY CONCEPT: Empiricism 282 The New Science 283 Tools of the New Science 283 Descartes and Newton 284 The English Compromise 285 English Baroque Poetry 285 Christopher Wren's London 286 WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: The Fire of London 286 Handel and Music in England 288 Politics and Philosophy in England 288 Chapter Summary 290 CRITICAL QUESTION 265, 269, 274 THE WRITE IDEA 282 11 The Spirit of Enlightenment 291 The Rococo Style 292 The Rococo in France 292 The Rococo in Germany and Britain 297 The Enlightenment 301 The Philosophes 301 Enlightenment and Freedom 302 KEY CONCEPT: Enlightenment 303 The Bourgeois Response 304 The Bourgeois Style in Painting 304 The Rise of the Novel 305 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Kabuki Theater 307 The Bourgeois Theater in Germany 307 Music in the Age of Enlightenment 308 Mozart and Opera 308 The Classical Symphony 310 The Neoclassical Style 311 Neoclassical Architecture 311 KEY CONCEPT: Neoclassicism 313 Neoclassical Painting 314 The Age of Satire 316 Swift 316 WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: Women Gladiators 316 Satire and Society in Art 317 Voltaire 318 Chapter Summary 319 CRITICAL QUESTION 303, 310, 317 THE WRITE IDEA 301 12 Revolution and Romanticism 320 Revolutions and Rights 321 The Revolutionary Wave--1776 and 1789 321 The Napoleonic Era 323 KEY CONCEPT: Freedom 326 The Industrial Revolution 327 Revolution and Philosophy 328 The Romantic Hero 328 Faust and the Romantics 329 Delacroix and the Byronic Hero 330 Music and Dance in the Romantic Age 331 Beethoven: From Classical to Romantic 332 Age of the Virtuoso 333 Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony 334 Elements of Romanticism 335 Romantic Social Protest 335 The Romantics and Nature 337 KEY CONCEPT: Imagination 337 Romantic Escapes 340 WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: Native Storytellers 341 Evil and the Gothic Novel 343 Chapter Summary 345 CRITICAL QUESTION 326, 330 THE WRITE IDEA 322, 338, 344 13 The Industrial Age: The Spirit of Materialism 346 Materialism and Progress 347 The Victorians 347 Realism in Pictorial Art 349 The Realist Novel 353 The Modern City 354 Music and Modernity 358 Verdi's Operas 358 Wagner's Musical Revolution 358 KEY CONCEPT: Modernity 360 Late Romantic Music and Dance 362 Late Romantics and Early Moderns 362 Symbolism and Art Nouveau 362 WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: A Musical Career 363 Debussy and Rodin--The Break with Tradition 364 Impressionism 368 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Japanese Color Print 370 Beyond Impressionism 372 The Dark Side of Progress 376 The Realist Theater 377 The Novel and Modern Philosophy 377 KEY CONCEPT: Human Will 378 Chapter Summary 380 CRITICAL QUESTION 354, 361, 365 THE WRITE IDEA 350, 379 14 The Spirit of Modernism 381 A Turbulent Century 382 A New Science 382 The Great War 383 Fascism and the Rise of Mass Society 384 Modernism in Art 385 WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: War, Fashion, and Feminism 385 Picasso and the Revolution in Art 385 KEY CONCEPT: Primitivism 388 Toward Formal Abstraction 389 Expressionism and Dada 391 The Modern Mind 395 Freud and Surrealism 395 KEY CONCEPT: The Unconscious 397 Modernism in Literature 398 Modernist Music and Architecture 399 Stravinsky and Schoenberg--The New Music 399 Modernist Building and Design 401 Art and Politics 403 Brecht's Epic Theater 403 Painting and Politics 404 Politics and the Cinema 405 In the American Grain 407 Regionalism and Renaissance 407 The American Scene 409 The Age of Jazz 409 World War and Holocaust 410 Chapter Summary 412 CRITICAL QUESTION 383, 385, 398 THE WRITE IDEA 399, 406 15 The Contemporary Spirit 413 The Age of Anxiety 414 Post-war America 414 Exploring the Absurd 414 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Gandhi and Colonial Liberation 415 KEY CONCEPT: Existentialism 416 The Theater of the Absurd 417 The Existential Hero 417 Art in the Post-war Era 418 The New York School 418 Pop, Minimalism, and the Avant-garde 419 KEY CONCEPT: The Avant-garde 421 Sculpture in the Post-war Era 422 The Trials of Modern Architecture 425 Triumph of the International Style 425 Building as Sculpture 426 Post-1945 Music 428 The Avant-garde in Music 428 The Pop Rebellion 429 The Post-modern Styles 429 Post-modern Architecture 430 Minimalism in Music 431 The Contemporary Visual Arts 433 The New Fiction 436 The Global Culture 436 Liberated Voices 437 AIDS and the Arts 440 WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: Living and Dying with AIDS 440 A New Century--Promise and Challenge 441 Chapter Summary 444 CRITICAL QUESTION 422, 436 THE WRITE IDEA 416, 424, 439 Notes 445 Glossary 449 Further Reading 454 Picture Credits 455 Index 457