Kristen M. Budd is a Research Analyst at The Sentencing Project, an organisation which advocates for effective and humane responses to crime that minimize imprisonment and criminalization of youth and adults by promoting racial, ethnic, economic, and gender justice. Heather Dillaway is Associate Dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and Professor of the Department of Sociology at Wayne State University, USA David C. Lane is Associate Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice Sciences at Illinois State University. Glenn W. Muschert is Professor of Sociology in the Department of Humanities & Social Sciences at Khalifa University of Science and Technology, and Len Jessup Professor of Leadership and Organizational Change in the School of Business at Woxsen University. Manjusha Nair is Associate Professor of Sociology at George Mason University. Jason A. Smith is a Research Affiliate at the Center for Social Science Research at George Mason University.