The phenomenon of anti-Semitism in Tunisia, as respected Jewish and Muslim historians indicate, was alien to the Tunisian society before the arrival of the French in 1881. What I call the French "Protectorate crisis" not only undermined the relative autonomy the Jews had always enjoyed, but also established an unprecedented concept called 'Jewish element' indigenous Muslims and French settlers were taught to circumvent. Determined to "contain" what they considered a "Jewish peril," the French alienated those already naturalized French (the educated elite and the rich Grana who were won over) and sowed discord in all its forms between the "unwanted" proletariat Jews and their Muslim compatriots. This book discusses the Protectorate crisis in Tunisia and the ordeal of the Jews, the French complicity in the 1917-1918 Anti-Jewish Riots, the post WWI Anti-Semitist Current, the 1940-1943 Jewish Victims in Tunisia and the French Imbroglio, the 1948 controversy over the accession of Jews to the Caïdal Corps, and how independent Tunisia "othered" Jews.