This book uses complexity thinking to explore China’s demography and population-driven geopolitics within and beyond mainland China. From a multidisciplinary perspective, the book is relevant to the debates of Chinese demography studies and politics of contemporary China. It combines international relations approaches, demography research, and legal studies to conceive the recent demographic trends and social transformations in China and across the world. The book prioritizes the anthropological viewpoint to provide a better understanding of demographic phenomena and combine an anthropological demography perspective with complexity thinking and geopolitics. This book will interest scholars of China, of geopolitics, and demographers.