Citizenship is an important axis in the social sciences, bringing together the themes of rights and responsibilities, the nation-state, inclusion, exclusion, identity and multiculturalism. The reasons behind the emergence of this field in the 1990s are no doubt associated with the broader developments of post-modernization and globalization. Major environmental injustices, and the development of refugee communities have increasingly been expressed through the language of rights and obligations and hence, of citizenship. Not only are the rights and obligations of citizens being redefined, but also what it means to be a citizen has become an issue of central concern. Handbook of Citizenship Studies constitutes the most authoritative guide to the terrain. Drawing on a wealth of inter-disciplinary knowledge, and including contributions from leading international academics it is an essential guide to understanding modern citizenship.