This book evaluates the relevance of Islamic Banking in modern times. Ingoing so, it focuses on the economic aspects and surveys the available literature including published and working papers, analysis of the financial performance of (central-) banks, other financial institutions and also other relevant publications and comparative reviews of Islamic Banking versus conventional banking. It takes a closer look into areas where improvements could be achieved, especially in emerging markets and finally it focuses on Turkey and Egypt to determine if and how Islamic Banking can be instrumental in uplifting the lives of ordinary people. The goal is to show the attractiveness of investing in this market segment especially for their respective local population. It focuses on the economic aspects of Islamic Banking and as such does not consider analysis of political events.