Julius II was one of the most remarkable and colorful men ever to sit on the papal throne. His vigor, determination, ambition, passion for action and notorious temper were more suited to the soldier he probably would have preferred to be, than to the ecclesiastical potentate he became under the patronage of his uncle, Pope Sixtus IV. As a cardinal for thirty years before his own election in 1503, Julius II enjoyed a long career at the centre of political life in Renaissance Italy. After becoming pope, he revived the temporal authority of the papacy by his military campaigns, some of which he conducted in person.He was also an outstanding patron of the arts and commissioned major works, including the Vatican Stanze and the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Many of his actions, however, compromised the papacy's spiritual authority, attracting the satire of Erasmus and contributing to Martin Luther's crisis of conscience. This book is the first biography of Julius II to be based on extensive use of archival sources. Christine Shaw's account includes new material about Julius's career as a cardinal, providing fresh perspectives on his policies as pope. The reports of those who negotiated with him, those who observed him and spied on him, ridiculed him and admired him, are used to depict the vivid, powerful and humorous personality of the papa terribile and the impact he made on his times.