James Loxton is a Lecturer in Comparative Politics in the Department of Government and International Relations at the University of Sydney. His research interests include authoritarian regimes, democratization, and political parties. He is the co-editor (with Steven Levitsky, Brandon Van Dyck, and Jorge I. Domínguez) of Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America (Cambridge, 2016). He is currently writing a book on conservative party-building in Latin America. He holds a Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University. Scott Mainwaring is the Jorge Paulo Lemann Professor for Brazil Studies at the Harvard Kennedy School. His research interests include political parties and party systems, democratic and authoritarian regimes, and political institutions in Latin America. Among his many books is the award-winning Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall (with Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, Cambridge, 2014). He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010. His edited book, Party Systems in Latin America: Institutionalization, Decay, and Collapse (Cambridge) was published in 2018. From 1983 until 2016, he taught at the University of Notre Dame.