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Progress in Botany

Structural Botany Physiology Genetics Taxonomy Geobotany / Fortschritte der Botanik Struktur Physiologie Genetik Systematik Geobotanik
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Table of Contents

A. Structural Botany.- I. General and Molecular Cytology: The Cell Wall.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methode.- 3. Non-Cellulosic Polysaccharides.- a) Xylans.- b) Xyloglucans.- c) ss-Glucans.- d) Galacturonans.- e) Galactans, Arabinans and Others.- f) Addendum.- 4. Cell Wall Glycoproteins.- a) Extensin.- b) Arabinogalactan Proteins.- c) Enzymes.- 5. Cellulose..- a) Structure of the Cellulose Microfibrils.- b) Cellulose Biosynthesis.- c) Microfibril Orientation.- 6. Wall Regeneration by Protoplasts.- References.- II. Oberflachenskulpturen bei hoheren Pflanzen.- 1. Allgemeines und Methodik.- 2. Epidermale Oberflachen.- a) Mikromorphologische Aspekte.- b) Taxonomische Aspekte.- c) Funktionell-okologische Aspekte.- 3. Pollen.- Literatur.- III. Vergleichende Morphologie des Vegetationskorpers.- 1. Allgemeines.- 2. Meristeme.- a) Sprossscheitelmeristeme.- b) Blattmeristeme.- c) Wurzelscheitelmeristeme.- d) Sonstige Meristeme.- e) Leitbundelbildung.- f) Embryoentwicklung.- 3. Blattstellungen und Blattmorphologie.- 4. Verzweigung und Wuchsformen.- a) Allgemeines.- b) Dicotyle Holzgewachse.- c) Zwergstraucher und krautige Dikotyle.- d) Monocotyle.- 5. Wurzeln.- Literatur.- IV. Reproductive Structures of the Flowering Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Flowers.- a) Initiation, Ontogeny, Phyllotaxis, Symmetry.- b) Perianth.- c) Androecium.- d) Gynoecium.- e) Systematic and Evolutionary Aspects.- ?) Fossil Flowers.- ?) Extant Groups.- 3. Fruits and Seeds.- 4. Inflorescences.- 5. Techniques.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Cell Electrophysiology and Membrane Transport.- 1. Voltage and pH Probes: Developments, Pitfalls, and Results.- 2. Potassium Channels.- References.- II. Mineral Nutrition; Plasmalemma and Tonoplast Redox Activities.- 1. The Outset.- 2. Cell Compartmentation and Evolutionary Background.- 3. Mechanistic Principles.- 4. Evidence for NAD(P)H Oxidases in the Plasmalemma and the Tonoplast.- a) Plasmalemma.- b) Tonoplast.- 5. The Case of Anion uptake.- 6. The Case of FeIII Reduction and FeII Uptake.- 7. Simultaneous Operation of H+-Extruding ATPase and Oxido-Reductase in the Plasmalemma.- 8. SH Groups of Carriers.- 9. Outlook for Further Progress.- References.- III. Photosynthesis: Structure of the Membrane and Membrane Proteins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Photosynthetic Bacteria.- a) Morphology and Pigment Composition.- b) Pigment-Protein Complexes of Purple Bacteria.- ?) Antenna Complexes.- ?) The Reaction Center Complex.- c) Green Bacteria.- 3. Algae and Higher Plants.- a) Photosystem II.- b) Photosystem I.- 4. Components Common to Different Electron Transfer Systems: the Cytochrome b c Complex and ATPase.- References.- IV. Metabolism of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds.- 1. Nitrogen Fixation.- a) N2-Fixation by Free-Living Microorganisms.- b) Symbiotic N2-Fixation.- 2. Nitrate Reduction.- a) Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- b) Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- 3. Nitrification.- References.- V. Secondary Plant Substances Special Topics of the Flavonoid Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Flavonoids.- a) Chalcone Synthase and Chalcone Isomerase Reaction.- b) 3-Hydroxylations and Formation of Flavones and Flavonols.- c) B-Ring Hydroxylations.- d) Methylation.- e) Glycosylation and Acylation.- 3. Proanthocyanidins.- 4. Isoflavonoids.- 5. Regulation of Flavonoid Biosynthesis.- References.- VI. Growth.- 1. General Reviews.- 2. Abscisic Acid.- a) Reviews.- b) Methods of Determination.- c) Occurrence and Biosynthesis.- d) Metabolism.- e) Physiological and Molecular Mode of Action.- 3. Jasmonic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate.- 4. Germination Inhibitors.- 5. Growth Inhibitors and Light.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Reviews.- 3. DNA Amplification: General Aspects.- 4. Gene Amplification: New Records.- 5. Gene Amplification and Resistance.- 6. Gene Amplification and Cancer.- 7. Gene Amplification and Differentiation.- 8. DNA Amplification and Evolution.- 9. Possible Mechanisms of Sequence Amplification.- References.- II. Recombination in Sexually and Asexually Propagated Higher Plants.- 1. Introduction.- a) Molecular Processes.- b) Synaptonemal Complex, Chromosome Pairing, and Chiasma Formation.- 2. Sexual Recombination.- a) Intraspecific Hybrids.- ?) Conventional Sexual Hybrids.- ?) Structural Heterozygotes.- ?) Haploids and Doubled Haploids.- ?) Biochemical Techniques.- b) Interspecific and Intergeneric Hybrids.- c) Amphidiploids.- d) Evolutionary Considerations.- 3. Somatic Recombination.- a) Somaclonal Variation.- ?) Mechanisms Leading to Somaclonal Variation.- ?) Application of Somaclonal Variation in Breeding.- b) Somatic Gene Transfer.- ?) Somatic Hybridization.- ?) Transfer via Vectors.- ?) Direct Transfer.- c) Mobile Genetic Elements.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- III. Mutation: Higher Plants.- 1. Methodological Aspects.- 2. Substances with Protecting Effects Against Mutagens.- 3. Environmental Mutagenesis.- 4. Gene Mutations.- a) Mutants of Agronomic Interest.- b) Meiotic Mutants.- 5. Chromosome Mutations.- 6. Genome Mutations.- a) Autopolyploids.- b) Allopolyploids.- 7. Haploids.- 8. Trisomics.- References.- IV. Function of Genetic Material Transposable Elements, Seed Proteins, and Protein Synthesis in Higher Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Functional Aspects of Transposable Elements.- a) Genetical Applications of Transposable Elements.- b) Transposable Elements from Gene Loci of Maize.- c) Transposable Elements in Other Plants.- 3. Gene Systems of Seed Proteins.- a) Maize.- b) Wheat.- c) Barley.- d) Leguminous Plants.- e) Other Plants.- 4. Mechanisms of Protein Synthesis.- a) Ribosomes.- b) Translation.- References.- V. Extranuclear Inheritance: Plastid Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nomenclature of Plastid Genes.- 3. Localization and Sequence Analysis of Plastid Protein Genes.- 4. Introns in Plastid Genes.- 5. Consequences of Plastid Mutations on the Molecular Level.- 6. Structure of Putative Plastid Replication Origins and Transcription Control Sequences.- a) Putative Plastid Replication Origins.- b) Putative Transcription Control Sequences.- 7. Outlook.- References.- VI. Population Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Problems on the Interface of Population Genetics and Evolutionary Ecology.- 3. Evolution of Single Populations.- a) Population Growth.- b) Subdivided Populations.- c) Effect of Population Density.- d) Frequency-Dependent Effects.- e) Age-Structured Populations.- f) Breeding System.- ?) Effect of the Breeding System.- ?) The Evolution of the Breeding System.- 4. Coevolution.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Evolution and Classification of Seed Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Principles and Practice of Classification.- a) Basic Aspects.- b) Cladistic Procedures.- c) The Usage of Categories.- d) Institutional Bases of Taxonomic Research.- e) Nomenclature.- 3. Morphology.- a) Vegetative Characters.- b) Palynology.- c) Embryology.- 4. Chemical Systematics and Evolution.- a) Plant Herbivore Coevolution.- ?) Coumarins and Caterpillars - a Fully Resolved Model.- ?) Other Mechanisms of Interaction.- b) Chemical Aspects of Angiosperm Evolution.- c) Macromolecular Data.- 5. Karyology and Cytogenetics.- ?) Chromosomal Variation Within and Between Populations.- ?) B-Chromosomes.- ?) Polyploidy.- ?) Cytogenetics.- 6. Tracing Evolution.- a) General Considerations.- b) Aspects of Developmental Genetics.- c) Evolution on the Population and Species Level.- ?) Variation Within Populations.- ?) Divergence of Populations.- ?) Hybridization.- d) Aspects of the Reproductive System.- e) Evolution in Apomictic Groups.- f) Coevolution.- g) Dispersal Biology.- h) Congeneric Competition and Coexistence.- i) Geographical and Ecological Aspects.- 7. Plants and Man.- ?) Some Special Taxonomic Problems.- ?) Crop Plants.- ?) Ornamental Plants.- ?) Weeds.- ?) Miscellaneous Aspects.- 8. Evolution and Classification of Larger Groups.- a) Gymnosperms.- b) Biology of Primitive Angiosperms.- c) General Classification of Angiosperms.- d) Monocotyledoneae.- e) Centrospermae.- f) Other Groups.- g) Studies on the Family Level and Below.- References.- II. Palaobotanik.- 1. Allgemeines.- 2. Thallophyta.- 3. Bryophyta.- 4. Psilophyta.- 5. Lycophyta.- 6. Sphenophyta.- 7. Filicophyta.- 8. Pteridospermae.- 9. Ginkgophyta.- 10. Coniferophyta.- 11. Angiospermae.- Literatur.- E. Geobotany.- I. Areal- und Florenkunde (Floristische Geobotanik).- 1. Forschungstrends.- 2. Floristische Grundlagen.- a) Mediterran-orientalisches Gebiet.- b) West-, Mittel- und Nordeuropa (ausser Sowjetunion)..- c) Sowjetunion.- d) Mongolei.- e) China, Indien.- 3. Kartierung von Gefasspflanzen.- 4. Kryptogamenkartierung und Geographie der Kryptogamen..- 5. Florenanalyse, Endemismus.- 6. Floristische Gebietsgliederung.- 7. Okologische Erklarung von Arealgrenzen.- a) Klima und Areal.- b) Verbreitung okologisch-morphologischer Merkmale.- c) Pflanzenverbreitung und Ausbreitungsmechanismen.- 8. Synanthrope Arealveraucher und krautige Dikotyle.- d) Monocotyle.- 5. Wurzeln.- Literatur.- IV. Reproductive Structures of the Flowering Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Flowers.- a) Initiation, Ontogeny, Phyllotaxis, Symmetry.- b) Perianth.- c) Androecium.- d) Gynoecium.- e) Systematic and Evolutionary Aspects.- ?) Fossil Flowers.- ?) Extant Groups.- 3. Fruits and Seeds.- 4. Inflorescences.- 5. Techniques.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Cell Electrophysiology and Membrane Transport.- 1. Voltage and pH Probes: Developments, Pitfalls, and Results.- 2. Potassium Channels.- References.- II. Mineral Nutrition; Plasmalemma and Tonoplast Redox Activities.- 1. The Outset.- 2. Cell Compartmentation and Evolutionary Background.- 3. Mechanistic Principles.- 4. Evidence for NAD(P)H Oxidases in the Plasmalemma and the Tonoplast.- a) Plasmalemma.- b) Tonoplast.- 5. The Case of Anion uptake.- 6. The Case of FeIII Reduction and FeII Uptake.- 7. Simultaneous Operation of H+-Extruding ATPase and Oxido-Reductase in the Plasmalemma.- 8. SH Groups of Carriers.- 9. Outlook for Further Progress.- References.- III. Photosynthesis: Structure of the Membrane and Membrane Proteins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Photosynthetic Bacteria.- a) Morphology and Pigment Composition.- b) Pigment-Protein Complexes of Purple Bacteria.- ?) Antenna Complexes.- ?) The Reaction Center Complex.- c) Green Bacteria.- 3. Algae and Higher Plants.- a) Photosystem II.- b) Photosystem I.- 4. Components Common to Different Electron Transfer Systems: the Cytochrome b c Complex and ATPase.- References.- IV. Metabolism of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds.- 1. Nitrogen Fixation.- a) N2-Fixation by Free-Living Microorganisms.- b) Symbiotic N2-Fixation.- 2. Nitrate Reduction.- a) Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- b) Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- 3. Nitrification.- References.- V. Secondary Plant Substances Special Topics of the Flavonoid Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Flavonoids.- a) Chalcone Synthase and Chalcone Isomerase Reaction.- b) 3-Hydroxylations and Formation of Flavones and Flavonols.- c) B-Ring Hydroxylations.- d) Methylation.- e) Glycosylation and Acylation.- 3. Proanthocyanidins.- 4. Isoflavonoids.- 5. Regulation of Flavonoid Biosynthesis.- References.- VI. Growth.- 1. General Reviews.- 2. Abscisic Acid.- a) Reviews.- b) Methods of Determination.- c) Occurrence and Biosynthesis.- d) Metabolism.- e) Physiological and Molecular Mode of Action.- 3. Jasmonic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate.- 4. Germination Inhibitors.- 5. Growth Inhibitors and Light.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Reviews.- 3. DNA Amplification: General Aspects.- 4. Gene Amplification: New Records.- 5. Gene Amplification and Resistance.- 6. Gene Amplification and Cancer.- 7. Gene Amplification and Differentiation.- 8. DNA Amplification and Evolution.- 9. Possible Mechanisms of Sequence Amplification.- References.- II. Recombination in Sexually and Asexually Propagated Higher Plants.- 1. Introduction.- a) Molecular Processes.- b) Synaptonemal Complex, Chromosome Pairing, and Chiasma Formation.- 2. Sexual Recombination.- a) Intraspecific Hybrids.- ?) Conventional Sexual Hybrids.- ?) Structural Heterozygotes.- ?) Haploids and Doubled Haploids.- ?) Biochemical Techniques.- b) Interspecific and Intergeneric Hybrids.- c) Amphidiploids.- d) Evolutionary Considerations.- 3. Somatic Recombination.- a) Somaclonal Variation.- ?) Mechanisms Leading to Somaclonal Variation.- ?) Application of Somaclonal Variation in Breeding.- b) Somatic Gene Transfer.- ?) Somatic Hybridization.- ?) Transfer via Vectors.- ?) Direct Transfer.- c) Mobile Genetic Elements.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- III. Mutation: Higher Plants.- 1. Methodological Aspects.- 2. Substances with Protecting Effects Against Mutagens.- 3. Environmental Mutagenesis.- 4. Gene Mutations.- a) Mutants of Agronomic Interest.- b) Meiotic Mutants.- 5. Chromosome Mutations.- 6. Genome Mutations.- a) Autopolyploids.- b) Allopolyploids.- 7. Haploids.- 8. Trisomics.- References.- IV. Function of Genetic Material Transposable Elements, Seed Proteins, and Protein Synthesis in Higher Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Functional Aspects of Transposable Elements.- a) Genetical Applications of Transposable Elements.- b) Transposable Elements from Gene Loci of Maize.- c) Transposable Elements in Other Plants.- 3. Gene Systems of Seed Proteins.- a) Maize.- b) Wheat.- c) Barley.- d) Leguminous Plants.- e) Other Plants.- 4. Mechanisms of Protein Synthesis.- a) Ribosomes.- b) Translation.- References.- V. Extranuclear Inheritance: Plastid Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nomenclature of Plastid Genes.- 3. Localization and Sequence Analysis of Plastid Protein Genes.- 4. Introns in Plastid Genes.- 5. Consequences of Plastid Mutations on the Molecular Level.- 6. Structure of Putative Plastid Replication Origins and Transcription Control Sequences.- a) Putative Plastid Replication Origins.- b) Putative Transcription Control Sequences.- 7. Outlook.- References.- VI. Population Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Problems on the Interface of Population Genetics and Evolutionary Ecology.- 3. Evolution of Single Populations.- a) Population Growth.- b) Subdivided Populations.- c) Effect of Population Density.- d) Frequency-Dependent Effects.- e) Age-Structured Populations.- f) Breeding System.- ?) Effect of the Breeding System.- ?) The Evolution of the Breeding System.- 4. Coevolution.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Evolution and Classification of Seed Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Principles and Practice of Classification.- a) Basic Aspects.- b) Cladistic Procedures.- c) The Usage of Categories.- d) Institutional Bases of Taxonomic Research.- e) Nomenclature.- 3. Morphology.- a) Vegetative Characters.- b) Palynology.- c) Embryology.- 4. Chemical Systematics and Evolution.- a) Plant Herbivore Coevolution.- ?) Coumarins and Caterpillars - a Fully Resolved Model.- ?) Other Mechanisms of Interaction.- b) Chemical Aspects of Angiosperm Evolution.- c) Macromolecular Data.- 5. Karyology and Cytogenetics.- ?) Chromosomal Variation Within and Between Populations.- ?) B-Chromosomes.- ?) Polyploidy.- ?) Cytogenetics.- 6. Tracing Evolution.- a) General Considerations.- b) Aspects of Developmental Genetics.- c) Evolution on the Population and Species Level.- ?) Variation Within Populations.- ?) Divergence of Populations.- ?) Hybridization.- d) Aspects of the Reproductive System.- e) Evolution in Apomictic Groups.- f) Coevolution.- g) Dispersal Biology.- h) Congeneric Competition and Coexistence.- i) Geographical and Ecological Aspects.- 7. Plants and Man.- ?) Some Special Taxonomic Problems.- ?) Crop Plants.- ?) Ornamental Plants.- ?) Weeds.- ?) Miscellaneous Aspects.- 8. Evolution and Classification of Larger Groups.- a) Gymnosperms.- b) Biology of Primitive Angiosperms.- c) General Classification of Angiosperms.- d) Monocotyledoneae.- e) Centrospermae.- f) Other Groups.- g) Studies on the Family Level and Below.- References.- II. Palaobotanik.- 1. Allgemeines.- 2. Thallophyta.- 3. Bryophyta.- 4. Psilophyta.- 5. Lycophyta.- 6. Sphenophyta.- 7. Filicophyta.- 8. Pteridospermae.- 9. Ginkgophyta.- 10. Coniferophyta.- 11. Angiospermae.- Literatur.- E. Geobotany.- I. Areal- und Florenkunde (Floristische Geobotanik).- 1. Forschungstrends.- 2. Floristische Grundlagen.- a) Mediterran-orientalisches Gebiet.- b) West-, Mittel- und Nordeuropa (ausser Sowjetunion)..- c) Sowjetunion.- d) Mongolei.- e) China, Indien.- 3. Kartierung von Gefasspflanzen.- 4. Kryptogamenkartierung und Geographie der Kryptogamen..- 5. Florenanalyse, Endemismus.- 6. Floristische Gebietsgliederung.- 7. Okologische Erklarung von Arealgrenzen.- a) Klima und Areal.- b) Verbreitung okologisch-morphologischer Merkmale.- c) Pflanzenverbreitung und Ausbreitungsmechanismen.- 8. Synanthrope Arealveraucher und krautige Dikotyle.- d) Monocotyle.- 5. Wurzeln.- Literatur.- IV. Reproductive Structures of the Flowering Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Flowers.- a) Initiation, Ontogeny, Phyllotaxis, Symmetry.- b) Perianth.- c) Androecium.- d) Gynoecium.- e) Systematic and Evolutionary Aspects.- ?) Fossil Flowers.- ?) Extant Groups.- 3. Fruits and Seeds.- 4. Inflorescences.- 5. Techniques.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Cell Electrophysiology and Membrane Transport.- 1. Voltage and pH Probes: Developments, Pitfalls, and Results.- 2. Potassium Channels.- References.- II. Mineral Nutrition; Plasmalemma and Tonoplast Redox Activities.- 1. The Outset.- 2. Cell Compartmentation and Evolutionary Background.- 3. Mechanistic Principles.- 4. Evidence for NAD(P)H Oxidases in the Plasmalemma and the Tonoplast.- a) Plasmalemma.- b) Tonoplast.- 5. The Case of Anion uptake.- 6. The Case of FeIII Reduction and FeII Uptake.- 7. Simultaneous Operation of H+-Extruding ATPase and Oxido-Reductase in the Plasmalemma.- 8. SH Groups of Carriers.- 9. Outlook for Further Progress.- References.- III. Photosynthesis: Structure of the Membrane and Membrane Proteins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Photosynthetic Bacteria.- a) Morphology and Pigment Composition.- b) Pigment-Protein Complexes of Purple Bacteria.- ?) Antenna Complexes.- ?) The Reaction Center Complex.- c) Green Bacteria.- 3. Algae and Higher Plants.- a) Photosystem II.- b) Photosystem I.- 4. Components Common to Different Electron Transfer Systems: the Cytochrome b c Complex and ATPase.- References.- IV. Metabolism of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds.- 1. Nitrogen Fixation.- a) N2-Fixation by Free-Living Microorganisms.- b) Symbiotic N2-Fixation.- 2. Nitrate Reduction.- a) Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- b) Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- 3. Nitrification.- References.- V. Secondary Plant Substances Special Topics of the Flavonoid Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Flavonoids.- a) Chalcone Synthase and Chalcone Isomerase Reaction.- b) 3-Hydroxylations and Formation of Flavones and Flavonols.- c) B-Ring Hydroxylations.- d) Methylation.- e) Glycosylation and Acylation.- 3. Proanthocyanidins.- 4. Isoflavonoids.- 5. Regulation of Flavonoid Biosynthesis.- References.- VI. Growth.- 1. General Reviews.- 2. Abscisic Acid.- a) Reviews.- b) Methods of Determination.- c) Occurrence and Biosynthesis.- d) Metabolism.- e) Physiological and Molecular Mode of Action.- 3. Jasmonic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate.- 4. Germination Inhibitors.- 5. Growth Inhibitors and Light.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Reviews.- 3. DNA Amplification: General Aspects.- 4. Gene Amplification: New Records.- 5. Gene Amplification and Resistance.- 6. Gene Amplification and Cancer.- 7. Gene Amplification and Differentiation.- 8. DNA Amplification and Evolution.- 9. Possible Mechanisms of Sequence Amplification.- References.- II. Recombination in Sexually and Asexually Propagated Higher Plants.- 1. Introduction.- a) Molecular Processes.- b) Synaptonemal Complex, Chromosome Pairing, and Chiasma Formation.- 2. Sexual Recombination.- a) Intraspecific Hybrids.- ?) Conventional Sexual Hybrids.- ?) Structural Heterozygotes.- ?) Haploids and Doubled Haploids.- ?) Biochemical Techniques.- b) Interspecific and Intergeneric Hybrids.- c) Amphidiploids.- d) Evolutionary Considerations.- 3. Somatic Recombination.- a) Somaclonal Variation.- ?) Mechanisms Leading to Somaclonal Variation.- ?) Application of Somaclonal Variation in Breeding.- b) Somatic Gene Transfer.- ?) Somatic Hybridization.- ?) Transfer via Vectors.- ?) Direct Transfer.- c) Mobile Genetic Elements.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- III. Mutation: Higher Plants.- 1. Methodological Aspects.- 2. Substances with Protecting Effects Against Mutagens.- 3. Environmental Mutagenesis.- 4. Gene Mutations.- a) Mutants of Agronomic Interest.- b) Meiotic Mutants.- 5. Chromosome Mutations.- 6. Genome Mutations.- a) Autopolyploids.- b) Allopolyploids.- 7. Haploids.- 8. Trisomics.- References.- IV. Function of Genetic Material Transposable Elements, Seed Proteins, and Protein Synthesis in Higher Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Functional Aspects of Transposable Elements.- a) Genetical Applications of Transposable Elements.- b) Transposable Elements from Gene Loci of Maize.- c) Transposable Elements in Other Plants.- 3. Gene Systems of Seed Proteins.- a) Maize.- b) Wheat.- c) Barley.- d) Leguminous Plants.- e) Other Plants.- 4. Mechanisms of Protein Synthesis.- a) Ribosomes.- b) Translation.- References.- V. Extranuclear Inheritance: Plastid Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nomenclature of Plastid Genes.- 3. Localization and Sequence Analysis of Plastid Protein Genes.- 4. Introns in Plastid Genes.- 5. Consequences of Plastid Mutations on the Molecular Level.- 6. Structure of Putative Plastid Replication Origins and Transcription Control Sequences.- a) Putative Plastid Replication Origins.- b) Putative Transcription Control Sequences.- 7. Outlook.- References.- VI. Population Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Problems on the Interface of Population Genetics and Evolutionary Ecology.- 3. Evolution of Single Populations.- a) Population Growth.- b) Subdivided Populations.- c) Effect of Population Density.- d) Frequency-Dependent Effects.- e) Age-Structured Populations.- f) Breeding System.- ?) Effect of the Breeding System.- ?) The Evolution of the Breeding System.- 4. Coevolution.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Evolution and Classification of Seed Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Principles and Practice of Classification.- a) Basic Aspects.- b) Cladistic Procedures.- c) The Usage of Categories.- d) Institutional Bases of Taxonomic Research.- e) Nomenclature.- 3. Morphology.- a) Vegetative Characters.- b) Palynology.- c) Embryology.- 4. Chemical Systematics and Evolution.- a) Plant Herbivore Coevolution.- ?) Coumarins and Caterpillars - a Fully Resolved Model.- ?) Other Mechanisms of Interaction.- b) Chemical Aspects of Angiosperm Evolution.- c) Macromolecular Data.- 5. Karyology and Cytogenetics.- ?) Chromosomal Variation Within and Between Populations.- ?) B-Chromosomes.- ?) Polyploidy.- ?) Cytogenetics.- 6. Tracing Evolution.- a) General Considerations.- b) Aspects of Developmental Genetics.- c) Evolution on the Population and Species Level.- ?) Variation Within Populations.- ?) Divergence of Populations.- ?) Hybridization.- d) Aspects of the Reproductive System.- e) Evolution in Apomictic Groups.- f) Coevolution.- g) Dispersal Biology.- h) Congeneric Competition and Coexistence.- i) Geographical and Ecological Aspects.- 7. Plants and Man.- ?) Some Special Taxonomic Problems.- ?) Crop Plants.- ?) Ornamental Plants.- ?) Weeds.- ?) Miscellaneous Aspects.- 8. Evolution and Classification of Larger Groups.- a) Gymnosperms.- b) Biology of Primitive Angiosperms.- c) General Classification of Angiosperms.- d) Monocotyledoneae.- e) Centrospermae.- f) Other Groups.- g) Studies on the Family Level and Below.- References.- II. Palaobotanik.- 1. Allgemeines.- 2. Thallophyta.- 3. Bryophyta.- 4. Psilophyta.- 5. Lycophyta.- 6. Sphenophyta.- 7. Filicophyta.- 8. Pteridospermae.- 9. Ginkgophyta.- 10. Coniferophyta.- 11. Angiospermae.- Literatur.- E. Geobotany.- I. Areal- und Florenkunde (Floristische Geobotanik).- 1. Forschungstrends.- 2. Floristische Grundlagen.- a) Mediterran-orientalisches Gebiet.- b) West-, Mittel- und Nordeuropa (ausser Sowjetunion)..- c) Sowjetunion.- d) Mongolei.- e) China, Indien.- 3. Kartierung von Gefasspflanzen.- 4. Kryptogamenkartierung und Geographie der Kryptogamen..- 5. Florenanalyse, Endemismus.- 6. Floristische Gebietsgliederung.- 7. Okologische Erklarung von Arealgrenzen.- a) Klima und Areal.- b) Verbreitung okologisch-morphologischer Merkmale.- c) Pflanzenverbreitung und Ausbreitungsmechanismen.- 8. Synanthrope Arealveranderungen.- Literatur.- II. Vegetation Science (Sociobiological Geobotany).- 1. Fundamental Perspectives, Books, Monographic Volumes, and Bibliographies.- 2. General Results and Methods.- a) Vegetation Dynamics.- b) Methods in Aquatic and Littoral Vegetation Surveys.- 3. Vegetation of Subarctic, Alpine and Adjacent Regions..- a) Vegetation of North Atlantic Islands.- b) European Vegetation Above Timber Lines.- 4. Vegetation of Temperate and Adjacent Regions.- a) European and North American Temperate Forests.- b) Ruderal and Related Nitrophilous Vegetation in Europe.- c) Changes in the Segetal Vegetation of Central Europe.- 5. Vegetation of Meridional Regions.- a) Vegetation of the Mediterranean and Adjacent Coasts.- b) Vegetation of Mediterranean Lacustrine and Riverine Wetlands.- 6. Vegetation of Tropical and Adjacent Regions.- a) Tropical Rain Forests.- b) Mangrove Vegetation.- c) Vegetation of Southern Arabia.- References.- III. Ecosystem Research (Ecological Geobotany).- 1. General.- 2. Productivity.- a) Photosynthesis.- ?) General.- ?) Carbon Fixation Pathway.- ?) Relations to Environmental Factors.- b) Respiration.- c) Carbon Cycle.- d) Biomass and Net Primary Production.- ?) General, Modeling, and Methods.- ?) Algae and Aquatic Ecosystems.- ?) Herbs and Grasses in Different Ecosystems, Mainly Grasslands.- ?) Woody Plants and Forest Ecosystems.- 3. Engergy and Water Balance.- a) Energy Content.- b) Energy Flow and Efficiency.- c) Biomass and Energy Allocation.- d) Transpiration and Water Cycle.- 4. Mineral Cycle.- a) Litter Fall.- b) Decomposition.- ?) Methods.- ?) Aquatic Ecosystems.- ?) Grasslands and Herb Communities.- ?) Forest Ecosystems.- c) Mineral Cycle.- ?) General.- ?) Aquatic Ecosystem.- ?) Grasslands and Herb Communities.- ?) Forest Ecosystems.- 5. Ecosystem Development.- a) Succession.- ?) Forest Succession.- ?) Fire Succession.- ?) Old-Field Succession.- b) Stability and Man's Influence on Ecosystem Structure and Processes.- ?) Effects of Acid Precipitation and Forest Dieback.- ?) Heavy Metals.- ?) Other Chemical Factors.- c) The Role of Herbivory in Ecosystem Dynamics.- References.- F. Special Topics.- I. Floral Ecology. Report on the Years 1981(79) to 1985.- 1. General.- 2. Metabolism and Movements.- 3. Means of Attraction, Rewards.- a) General.- b) Visual Patterns and Pigmentation.- c) Production of Heat and Scent; Resins.- d) Nectaries; Nectar and Oil Secretion.- e) Pollen; Pollen Units; Pollen Attachment; Pollen Presentation.- 4. Foraging Strategies of Pollinators; Flower Constancy; Energetics of Pollination.- 5. Flower Classes and Their Evolution.- a) Zoophily.- ?) Pollination of Early Angiosperms; Cantharophily and Myiophily.- ?) Melittophily; Ant Pollination.- ?) Psychophily; Phalaenophily, Spingophily.- ?) Ornithophily.- ?) Mammal Pollination.- b) Anemophily and Hydrogamy.- 6. Pollination of Particular Groups.- a) Various Angiosperms.- b) Orchids.- c) Economic Plants and Field Crops.- d) Reproductive Characters and Systematics.- 7. Community Structure and Pollination.- a) Distribution of Flower Types, Flowering Phenology..- b) Competition, Floral Larceny.- c) Floral Synergism on Community Level; Mimicry.- d) Pollination of Sympatric Congeners.- 8. Populational Aspects and Compatibility.- a) Pollen Flow, Pollen/Ovule Ratio.- b) Pollen and Stigma Interaction.- c) Autogamy and Cleistogamy; Apomixis.- d) Incompatibility.- 9. Sex Distribution, Dioecism, Monoecism.- 10. Heterostyly.- References.- Plant Name Index.
Release date Australia
March 3rd, 2012
Audience
  • Professional & Vocational
Edition
Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1985
Illustrations
XVI, 444 p.
Pages
444
Dimensions
170x244x23
ISBN-13
9783642456091
Product ID
20761022

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