This collection brings together leading social anthropologists, historians, philosophers of science and mathematics, and researchers in artificial intelligence to discuss the ontological presuppositions used in indigenous, Eastern, and Western societies, both ancient and contemporary, about the subjects of reality they investigate. The authors analyze prevailing assumptions about societies distant in time or space and propose more faithful, sensitive analyses of their ontologies as a step toward mutual understanding and translatability across cultures and disciplines. Science in the Forest, Science in the Past is a pioneering interdisciplinary exploration of science and mathematics that will change the way researchers, educators, policy makers, and students think about our deeply held notions of what constitutes reality and how we apprehend and investigate it. All HAU Books are OPEN ACCESS, through Knowledge Unlatched, and are available on the HAU Books website: Haubooks.org.