Atlantic slavery represents one of the blackest pages of human history. European powers not only colonised American lands, but also brought African men and women to work as slaves on plantations. Intellectuals did not remain indifferent to this practice and – from the second half of the eighteenth century – criticised the institution of slavery from an ethical, legal and economic point of view. This book aims to briefly illustrate the colonisation process implemented by France and Great Britain in the Caribbean and to reconstruct the debate on colonialism and slavery that developed in these two countries, approaching the issue from the standpoint of the History of Economic Thought. The decisive phase in this debate took place in the second half of the eighteenth century, when some classical economists belonging to the cultural movement of the Enlightenment, laid the foundations for the critique of a production system based on slavery. On the same basis, some economists of the first half of the nineteenth century continued to express their critical attitude towards slavery and colonialism. The ideas of the Enlightenment, although of European origin, are also useful in analysing the different levels of development that the former American colonies achieved following independence, choosing to invest in either industry or agriculture. The book provides the reader with the critical tools to understand that opting for slavery was not only an unforgivable sin in human history, but also an economically irrational choice.