Transition States in Biological Chemistry provides an in-depth analysis of protein/transition state interactions and their role in catalysis for a mechanistically diverse set of enzyme-catalysed reactions. After describing modern experimental and computational methods for elucidating transition state structures, the core of the book presents case studies for specific enzymes. For each example, it explains the nature of the chemical challenge and its biological significance, followed by structural, biochemical and computational studies that provide insights into the stereoelectronic constraints and molecular strategies that underlie transition state stabilisation. It also explores how understanding transition state structure impacts on the discovery of drugs and herbicides, and the creation of designer enzymes exhibiting novel catalytic activities. Critical assessments of the state of current knowledge allow the identification and discussion of key opportunities in the field that will require further exploration. Clearly written and generously illustrated, this book provides fundamental material for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate studies on the molecular basis of enzyme catalysis. It is also a valuable resource for more advanced readers in biochemistry, chemistry, chemical biology, and molecular biology.